on incense, not chemicals, so aromas were passed around through fumes. The Roman and Islamic cultures further

refined the harvesting and manufacturing of perfumery processes to include other aromatic ingredients.

Thus, the ancient Islamic culture marked the history of modern perfumery with the introduction of spices and herbs.

Fragrances and other exotic substances, such as Jasmine and Citruses, were adapted to be harvested in climates

outside of their indigenous Asia.